Come Trasferire File con Rsync su SSH

Rsync è uno degli strumenti più importanti per il mirroring dei dati, la copia di file su sistemi o server remoti. Questo strumento ha più funzioni rispetto a scp, sftp e ftp.

In questa guida imparerai come trasferire file usando Rsync su qualsiasi server.

Questa configurazione è testata su Google Cloud Platform.

In alcuni server avrai rsync installato per impostazione predefinita. Se non hai installato rsync, puoi installarlo usando il seguente comando.

Prerequisiti
Accesso SSH al server con autorizzazioni di lettura e scrittura.
Se lo stai utilizzando su Google Cloud, devi impostare le chiavi SSH. È possibile seguire questa guida per configurare le chiavi SSH dal computer Windows.

Ubuntu e Debian

sudo apt installa rsync

CentOS e Fedora

sudo yum installa rsync

Autorizzazioni di installazione sul server di destinazione
È possibile fornire autorizzazioni utilizzando il comando acl nelle directory e fornire le autorizzazioni appropriate.

Se non hai installato acl, puoi usare il comando seguente ACL.

sudo apt install acl

Dopo aver installato acl, è possibile eseguire il comando seguente per impostare le autorizzazioni sul server di destinazione o remoto.

sudo setfacl -R -m u:username:rwx /path/to/your/folder

Trasferisci file usando Rsync con chiavi SSH
Questa è la sintassi del comando rsync per il trasferimento di file utilizzando Rsync con autenticazione basata su chiave pubblica e privata.

Assicurarsi di aver aggiunto la chiave pubblica al server di destinazione.

rsync -a -e “ssh -i path/to/private-key” path/to/source-files username@External_IP:/path/in/the/target-server

Trasferisci file usando Rsync con password SSH
È possibile utilizzare semplicemente il comando seguente per utilizzare l’autenticazione basata su password.

rsync -a -e ssh path/to/source-files username@External_IP:/path/in/the/target-server

Una volta eseguito questo comando ti verrà chiesto di inserire la password dell’utente.

488/5000Dettagli generali di Rsync
In genere se il file esiste sul server remoto verrà sovrascritto.

Ci sono molte opzioni che puoi usare, nel comando sopra stiamo usando un’opzione che sincronizza ricorsivamente le directory, trasferisce dispositivi speciali e blocca, preserva collegamenti simbolici, tempi di modifica, gruppo, proprietà e permessi.

Per impostazione predefinita, Rsync con SSH utilizza la porta SSH standard 22, se si utilizza una porta diversa per SSH è necessario specificare la porta utilizzando l’opzione -p.

rsync -a -e “ssh -p port” path/to/source-files username@External_IP:/path/in/the/target-server

Riepilogo opzioni
Ecco un breve riassunto delle opzioni disponibili in rsync. Fare riferimento alla descrizione dettagliata di seguito per una descrizione completa.

-v, –verbose increase verbosity -q, –quiet suppress non-error messages –no-motd suppress daemon-mode MOTD (see caveat) -c, –checksum skip based on checksum, not mod-time & size -a, –archive archive mode; equals -rlptgoD (no -H,-A,-X) –no-OPTION turn off an implied OPTION (e.g. –no-D) -r, –recursive recurse into directories -R, –relative use relative path names –no-implied-dirs don’t send implied dirs with –relative -b, –backup make backups (see –suffix & –backup-dir) –backup-dir=DIR make backups into hierarchy based in DIR –suffix=SUFFIX backup suffix (default ~ w/o –backup-dir) -u, –update skip files that are newer on the receiver –inplace update destination files in-place –append append data onto shorter files –append-verify –append w/old data in file checksum -d, –dirs transfer directories without recursing -l, –links copy symlinks as symlinks -L, –copy-links transform symlink into referent file/dir –copy-unsafe-links only “unsafe” symlinks are transformed –safe-links ignore symlinks that point outside the tree -k, –copy-dirlinks transform symlink to dir into referent dir -K, –keep-dirlinks treat symlinked dir on receiver as dir -H, –hard-links preserve hard links -p, –perms preserve permissions -E, –executability preserve executability –chmod=CHMOD affect file and/or directory permissions -A, –acls preserve ACLs (implies -p) -X, –xattrs preserve extended attributes -o, –owner preserve owner (super-user only) -g, –group preserve group –devices preserve device files (super-user only) –specials preserve special files -D same as –devices –specials -t, –times preserve modification times -O, –omit-dir-times omit directories from –times –super receiver attempts super-user activities –fake-super store/recover privileged attrs using xattrs -S, –sparse handle sparse files efficiently -n, –dry-run perform a trial run with no changes made -W, –whole-file copy files whole (w/o delta-xfer algorithm) -x, –one-file-system don’t cross filesystem boundaries -B, –block-size=SIZE force a fixed checksum block-size -e, –rsh=COMMAND specify the remote shell to use –rsync-path=PROGRAM specify the rsync to run on remote machine –existing skip creating new files on receiver –ignore-existing skip updating files that exist on receiver –remove-source-files sender removes synchronized files (non-dir) –del an alias for –delete-during –delete delete extraneous files from dest dirs –delete-before receiver deletes before transfer (default) –delete-during receiver deletes during xfer, not before –delete-delay find deletions during, delete after –delete-after receiver deletes after transfer, not before –delete-excluded also delete excluded files from dest dirs –ignore-errors delete even if there are I/O errors –force force deletion of dirs even if not empty –max-delete=NUM don’t delete more than NUM files –max-size=SIZE don’t transfer any file larger than SIZE –min-size=SIZE don’t transfer any file smaller than SIZE –partial keep partially transferred files –partial-dir=DIR put a partially transferred file into DIR –delay-updates put all updated files into place at end -m, –prune-empty-dirs prune empty directory chains from file-list –numeric-ids don’t map uid/gid values by user/group name –timeout=SECONDS set I/O timeout in seconds –contimeout=SECONDS set daemon connection timeout in seconds -I, –ignore-times don’t skip files that match size and time –size-only skip files that match in size –modify-window=NUM compare mod-times with reduced accuracy -T, –temp-dir=DIR create temporary files in directory DIR -y, –fuzzy find similar file for basis if no dest file –compare-dest=DIR also compare received files relative to DIR –copy-dest=DIR … and include copies of unchanged files –link-dest=DIR hardlink to files in DIR when unchanged -z, –compress compress file data during the transfer –compress-level=NUM explicitly set compression level –skip-compress=LIST skip compressing files with suffix in LIST -C, –cvs-exclude auto-ignore files in the same way CVS does -f, –filter=RULE add a file-filtering RULE -F same as –filter=’dir-merge /.rsync-filter’ repeated: –filter=’- .rsync-filter’ –exclude=PATTERN exclude files matching PATTERN –exclude-from=FILE read exclude patterns from FILE –include=PATTERN don’t exclude files matching PATTERN –include-from=FILE read include patterns from FILE –files-from=FILE read list of source-file names from FILE -0, –from0 all *from/filter files are delimited by 0s -s, –protect-args no space-splitting; wildcard chars only –address=ADDRESS bind address for outgoing socket to daemon –port=PORT specify double-colon alternate port number –sockopts=OPTIONS specify custom TCP options –blocking-io use blocking I/O for the remote shell –stats give some file-transfer stats -8, –8-bit-output leave high-bit chars unescaped in output -h, –human-readable output numbers in a human-readable format –progress show progress during transfer -P same as –partial –progress -i, –itemize-changes output a change-summary for all updates –out-format=FORMAT output updates using the specified FORMAT –log-file=FILE log what we’re doing to the specified FILE –log-file-format=FMT log updates using the specified FMT –password-file=FILE read daemon-access password from FILE –list-only list the files instead of copying them –bwlimit=KBPS limit I/O bandwidth; KBytes per second –write-batch=FILE write a batched update to FILE –only-write-batch=FILE like –write-batch but w/o updating dest –read-batch=FILE read a batched update from FILE –protocol=NUM force an older protocol version to be used –iconv=CONVERT_SPEC request charset conversion of filenames –checksum-seed=NUM set block/file checksum seed (advanced) -4, –ipv4 prefer IPv4 -6, –ipv6 prefer IPv6 –version print version number -h) –help show this help (see below for -h comment)